精东影业

The Guardian recently published an by its economics editor in which he argued that capitalism can rescue civilization from the global climate emergency. Here is the full article, interrupted by my responses:

Capitalism Can Crack Climate Change. But Only If It Takes Risks
by Larry Elliott

This summer鈥檚 heatwave has provided a glimpse of the future, and it is not a pretty one. On current trends, , , a growing population, and a race against time to reduce dependency on fossil fuels.

The struggle to combat climate change brings out the best and worst of capitalism. Decarbonisation of the economy requires alternatives for coal and cars that run on diesel, and that plays to capitalism鈥檚 strengths. Innovation is what capitalism is all about, and there has been staggeringly rapid progress in developing clean alternatives to coal, oil and gas. The cost of producing solar- and wind-powered electricity has collapsed. Great advances are also being made in battery technology, which is vital for the new generation of electricity-powered vehicles 鈥�

This is an often-heard argument: that capitalist economies are going to prevent climate catastrophe because 鈥済reen鈥� technologies are becoming cheaper thanks to innovation. But all this innovation we鈥檙e seeing has only one goal, and that鈥檚 to generate profits. And while capitalist economies are able to spin off improved renewable-energy systems or energy-efficient technologies, they鈥檙e even better at producing new energy-consuming technologies and products鈥攁nd those are getting cheaper, too.

Capitalist economies are even better at producing new energy-consuming technologies and products.

Furthermore, those analyses purporting to show that 100 percent of current and growing energy demand can someday be satisfied with renewable sources are based on , but even if the 鈥�100%鈥� vision were achievable, it would billions of people around the world who already suffer energy poverty. Back to Elliott:

Humans are endlessly creative. In the end, they will crack climate change. But by the time they do, it could be too late. Capitalism鈥攅specially the dominant Anglo-Saxon variant of capitalism鈥攈as trouble thinking beyond the here and now. People running big corporations see their job as maximising profits in the short term, even if that means causing irreparable damage to the world鈥檚 ecosystem. What鈥檚 more, they think they should be free to get on with maximising profits without any interference from politicians, even though the fight against climate change can [only be won only] if governments show leadership, individually and collectively.

People running big corporations鈥攊ndeed, those running businesses of all sizes鈥攕eek to maximize profits not because they are misguided, but because that鈥檚 their job in a capitalist economy. The common goal of both the private and public sectors is rapid, sustained GDP growth, so the only climate actions that companies or governments are willing to take are those that will not risk slowing wealth accumulation. (When Elliott says capitalism must take risks, he doesn鈥檛 mean that kind of risk!) This is why no governments have yet taken the actions that will be necessary to steeply reduce carbon emissions.

The economist Joseph Schumpeter talked about the process known as 鈥渃reative destruction鈥濃�攖he way in which inefficient producers are put out of business by disruptive new technologies and that, as a result, transformation happens. During wars, the best brains are employed by governments to produce more efficient killing machines.

But normally creative destruction takes time, especially if the old guard can marshall sufficient resistance to change鈥攕omething the fossil fuel industry has been adept at doing. It is vital that capitalism鈥檚 Dr. Jekyll emerges victorious over its Mr. Hyde. More than that, it needs to be an immediate knockout blow.

Whoa, there鈥檚 a lot going on here. He seems to be recognizing that disruption can have both desirable and undesirable results (although it鈥檚 not clear to me on which side of the ledger he puts those efficient killing machines). We often see it argued or implied in the mainstream climate movement that if only we could take down the fossil fuel companies, the pipeline builders, and the armament makers, the way would then be clear for the good side of the business world, the Jekylls, to lead us into a green future. But the only direction the Jekylls plan to lead society is toward whatever generates the most profit, whether or not it鈥檚 good for the climate (and it鈥檚 usually not).

In the past, politicians have [only tended to focus only] on climate change when they think there is nothing else to worry about. Tony Blair, for example, commissioned a into climate change during the years before the global financial crisis, when growth was strong and wages were rising. Margaret Thatcher only started to talk publicly about protecting the environment when the economy was booming at the end of the 1980s.

That is an interesting observation that warrants further discussion.

When policymakers have other things to worry about, tackling climate change drops down the list of things to do. The , which committed the international community to restricting global warming to well below two degrees centigrade, shows that the issue is taken more seriously than it was two or three decades ago, but that doesn鈥檛 mean that it is a top priority.

The Paris agreement contains no commitments that would reduce warming to 2 degrees, only wishful thinking. And even a 2 degree increase would be .

When times are tough, politicians are suckers for the argument that there is a trade-off between growth and greening the economy. There isn鈥檛. Companies account for capital depreciation when they draw up their profit and loss accounts. If governments adopted the same principle and accounted for the depletion of natural capital when drawing up their national accounts, growth would be lower. In countries such as and India鈥攚here the cities are dangerously polluted鈥攊t would be markedly lower.

It is the economy that needs to be properly integrated into the ecosphere so that its limits on the growth of the subsystem will not be missed.

Here we come to a myth that lies at the core of this essay: the notion of 鈥渘atural capital.鈥� The great ecological economist Herman Daly that myth, for example, when he responded to this statement by Dieter Helm, chair of the U.K. Natural Capital Committee: 鈥溾�� the environment is part of the economy and needs to be properly integrated into it so that growth opportunities will not be missed.鈥� Daly wrote, 鈥淚f the Chairman of the U.K. Natural Capital Committee gets it exactly backwards, then probably others do too. The environment, the finite ecosphere, is the Whole and the economic subsystem is a Part鈥攁 completely dependent part. It is the economy that needs to be properly integrated into the ecosphere so that its limits on the growth of the subsystem will not be missed. Given this fundamental misconception, it is not hard to understand how other errors follow, and how some economists, imagining that the ecosphere is part of the economy, get confused about valuation of natural capital.鈥�

The good news is that in Beijing and New Delhi, policymakers have woken up to the idea that green growth is better growth. China is , in part because it is worried about climate change and in part because it sees an opportunity to be a world leader in green technology. India, although slower to act, is also starting to take advantage of , and has set itself .

India and China, already plagued by chronic power outages, are aiming to satisfy in the coming decades. In India, energy demand for buildings alone is projected to almost triple by 2050 (with a huge share going for air conditioning), while it will rise by 75 percent in China, which already has the highest energy consumption by buildings in the world. All of that new renewable energy capacity being built in the two nations will supplement, not replace, fossil and nuclear capacity. Emissions will continue.

But the bad news is that progress towards decarbonisation is still not fast enough. As things stand, fossil fuels will still account for more than 50% of energy consumption by 2050. CO2 emissions will carry on rising and global warming will continue.

Stern says technological progress has been much faster than he thought possible when his report was published in 2006, and he thinks it is quite something that all the major car-makers now accept that the era of the internal combustion engine is coming to an end. 鈥淏ut the speed of action is still far too slow,鈥� Stern warns. 鈥淓missions have to be peaking now and turn down very sharply. We have not yet acted on the scale needed, even though the ingredients are there.鈥�

Stern is right that emissions have to be reduced 鈥渧ery sharply,鈥� but for that to happen there will have to be an immediate, declining cap on the quantities of fossil fuels being extracted and burned, renewable capacity to substitute significantly for fossil energy. That will mean a steep decline in society鈥檚 overall energy consumption, and an even steeper decline in production of consumer goods and services, because a significant share of the fossil fuels still being burned will have to go to building renewable energy capacity.

So now that 鈥渁ll the major car-makers鈥� have accepted that 鈥渢he era of the internal combustion engine is coming to an end,鈥� we鈥檙e going to have to give them the bad news that the era of personal car, however it is powered, is going to have to come to an end. There will not be enough renewable electricity in America to satisfy an energy demand at today鈥檚 level, let alone the additional burden of 100 million or so electric vehicles. And, no, ride-hailing and autonomous cars the problem.

Winning the race against time requires political leadership. It means acknowledging that the Chinese model of managed and directed capitalism might be more appropriate than the Anglo-Saxon model.

Very true that decision-making can no longer be left to the market, that economic planning will be essential. But if we look to Chinese capitalism as a practical strategy, it will indicate that we鈥檙e running out of ideas. Chinese government and business talk a good ecological game, but they also won鈥檛 take any action that might slow economic growth. (Go to page 10 of this for an interview with environmental historian Donald Worster in which he discusses the current state of China鈥檚 鈥済reening鈥� in historical context.)

A massive scaling up of investment in clean technology is needed, because worldwide last year merely matched the cost of the losses in the US from climate and weather-related events. It also means scaling up the lending of the World Bank and the regional development banks to help poorer countries build wind and solar capacity. And a global carbon tax set high enough so that fossil fuels remain in the ground must be implemented.

A carbon tax would simply be an attempt to reduce consumption indirectly by making it more costly.

A carbon tax is to a panacea. It would simply be an attempt to reduce consumption indirectly by making it more costly. The tax would have to be extremely high if it is to achieve the necessarily steep emissions reduction, and that would place an insupportable burden on the world鈥檚 poor majority.

Even if some of the revenue from the tax were redistributed, everyone but the rich would suffer under shortages and inflation, while the rich could afford to maintain their accustomed lifestyles. The only fair alternative to a carbon tax鈥斺�攚ould, unlike taxes, directly reduce emissions while ensuring sufficiency for all. But it would have to apply not only to consumers. would have to be rationed, too.

And, more than anything, it means accepting that the world needs to wage war against climate change. Powerful vested interests will say there is plenty of time to act, and they are aided by climate-change deniers who say there is nothing to worry about. These people need to be called out. They are not deniers, they are climate-change appeasers. And they are just as dangerously misguided as fascism鈥檚 appeasers in the 1930s.

Some climate activists as well have been advocating a climate 鈥渨ar鈥� (for example, Bill McKibben went so far as to write that we must 鈥溾�� on climate change). What they, and presumably Elliott, mean by 鈥渨ar鈥� is that we should launch a renewable-energy buildup analogous to the rapid development of war production capacity in the 1940s. They tend to skip over the of the World War II-era economies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other countries: central planning of production and rationing of many essential goods.

Note how in Elliott鈥檚 formulation, the war-on-climate-change metaphor allows us to single out, as climate change appeasers, a narrow slice of the capitalist world: the coal and petroleum interests and their abettors. Then we can imagine that once those Hydes and Chamberlains are taken down, the rest of the business world can get on with saving the Earth.

But while you鈥檙e waiting for that to happen, don鈥檛 hold your CO2.

This article was originally published on . It has been edited for 精东影业 and is reprinted here with permission.