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One year ago this Sunday, a White nationalist stepped into a Pittsburgh synagogue and killed 11 Jewish worshippers. Before his shooting, Robert Bowers made clear in a  that he believed killing Jews would help block non-White immigrants from entering the United States and ensure the survival of his White race.

Last week, White nationalist Patrick Crusius  to killing 22 mostly Latinx people in an August 3 mass shooting at an El Paso, Texas, Walmart. Before the attack, the 21-year-old posted a , which said the shooting was 鈥渁 response to the Hispanic invasion of Texas鈥� and was inspired by the 鈥済reat replacement.鈥�

As a Mexican American and as an American Jew, we see the threat of White nationalism affecting our communities firsthand. And as researchers at the social justice think tank , we spend our days analyzing the strategy and rhetoric of these anti-Semitic and anti-immigrant movements across the right wing.

Anti-Semitism  to White nationalism.

Our research has shown us that it鈥檚 not just isolated White nationalist shooters or fringe neo-Nazis with tiki torches who rail against immigrant 鈥渋苍惫补蝉颈辞苍鈥� and 鈥渞eplacement鈥� and frame Jews as conspiratorial manipulators. In the era of Trump, these views also animate the rhetoric and policy of mainstream right-wing leaders. PRA鈥檚 new report,  traces the interconnections between anti-Semitic and anti-immigrant rhetoric and policy, from White nationalists to the White House.

White nationalist shooters like Bowers and Crusius  that immigrants of color and forces of multiculturalism pose an existential threat to the identity and demographic cohesion of the White race, an imagined crisis they call 鈥淲hite genocide鈥� or 鈥渢he great replacement.鈥� , the only way to preserve a future for 鈥渢he White race鈥� is to establish a homogenous ethnostate where Whites are the demographic majority, and from which non-Whites must be purged. Dogmatic opposition to any and all non-White immigration is central to this worldview.

Anti-Semitism  to White nationalism.

, for more than a century, Jews have covertly worked to loosen U.S. immigration policies and engineer a slew of progressive forces, including the civil rights and feminist movements. White nationalists believe that the goal of Jews is to gradually corrode the demographic, cultural, and ideological pillars upholding traditional White U.S. civilization. 鈥淭he organized Jewish community,鈥� wrote Greg Johnson, publisher of the White nationalist periodical Counter-Currents, 鈥渋s the principal enemy鈥攏ot the sole enemy, but the principal enemy鈥攐f every attempt to halt and reverse white extinction.鈥�

Over the past year, White nationalist shooters like Bowers and Crusius have attacked Jewish, Latinx, and  communities, while several more planned attacks have been . These White nationalists seem to believe they are blocking 鈥済reat replacement鈥� and protecting the White race from extinction. They encourage others by sharing their ideas and tactics with the broader White nationalist movement online before ultimately carrying out each attack independently, enacting a strategy of championed by White nationalist leaders for decades. Their movement enjoys an of potential support, aided by that have also deeply influenced White power shooters. Without appropriate interventions, we can expect these attacks and .

These ideas weren鈥檛 solely propagated through a violent White nationalist fringe. Right-wing elected officials and Fox News anchors regularly threaten that an  of non-White immigrants is causing in America, and insinuate that a hidden Jewish conspiracy lurks behind this threat. This rhetoric is deployed in different ways, putting all of our communities in danger.

Iowa Republican congressman Steve King uses the great replacement theory to justify attacks on bodily autonomy and support abortion bans, while attacking immigrants. 鈥淚f we continue to abort our babies and import a replacement for them in the form of young violent men, we are supplanting our culture, our civilization,鈥� . Increasingly, right-wing elected officials such as President , and U.S. Representatives , , , , and others traffic in thinly veiled anti-Semitic memes.

Mainstream media can also be complicit in normalizing racial animus and deploying White nationalist rhetoric.

Right-wing politicians blame the so-called 鈥渋mmigrant invasion鈥� on a conspiracy of 鈥済lobalist elites鈥濃�攁n increasingly prevalent , evoking a shadowy cabal behind progressive causes and political and financial institutions. They funnel much of their rhetoric liberal Jewish philanthropist George Soros, with the implication that Jews鈥攁s a people鈥攁re all somehow 鈥済lobalist elites.鈥� By the time of the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, a conspiracy that Soros  to undermine American sovereignty by funding a 鈥渕igrant caravan鈥� had been championed for over a week by right-wing politicians and Fox News anchors, and had on social media, boosted by this mainstream exposure.

Mainstream media can also be complicit in normalizing racial animus and deploying White nationalist rhetoric.  such as  and  regularly broadcast 鈥済reat replacement鈥� and  rhetoric to millions on their prime-time shows, earning the praise of  and other . Diatribes against  and  appear regularly as well.

Ostensibly centrist and liberal publications can also be complicit. A few weeks before the mass shooting in El Paso, New York Times columnist Bret Stephens Spanish being spoken at a Democratic debate and wrote that the party 鈥渕akes too many Americans feel like strangers in their own country. A party that puts more of its faith, and invests most of its efforts, in them instead of us.鈥� Similar points were made in Crusius鈥� manifesto. Whether intentional or not, Stephens softened the edges of the great replacement conspiracy theory in the pages of the New York Times.

The organized anti-immigrant movement helps normalize the toxic stew of xenophobia and anti-Semitism as well.  like the Center for Immigration Studies and the Federation for American Immigration Reform were once thought of as political fringe groups, who advocated for eugenics. These organizations have worked tirelessly to  and gain political power. Now in Trump鈥檚 America, the deeply harmful anti-immigrant policies these groups spent decades advocating for are 鈥攁苍诲  of these anti-immigrant organizations now  in federal immigration agencies.

We must organize together for policies that advance racial and economic justice.

Not surprisingly, FAIR and CIS have dabbled in anti-Semitic rhetoric as well. Days after the Pittsburgh shooting, CIS Executive Director Mark Krikorian  the conspiracy that Soros was funding the migrant caravan. In 2016, FAIR  the Obama administration seeking records of its collaboration with 鈥渙pen-borders globalist, George Soros鈥� and featured an expos茅 at its annual Board of Advisers conference of Soros鈥� 鈥渂ig money network to destroy U.S. borders.鈥� Other prominent anti-immigrant pundits have also trafficked in anti-Semitism, including Michelle Malkin, who  in a September 2019 appearance on Fox that 鈥済lobal financiers鈥� including Soros are 鈥渃olluding to undermine American sovereignty鈥� by 鈥渟abotaging our will when it comes to enforcing strictly immigration law.鈥�

In these ways, right-wing elected officials, media pundits, and social movements  to mobilize millions behind an exclusionary nationalist agenda. Millions are trained to view immigrants not as human beings seeking a better life, but as pawns of subversive elites, weaponized to undermine American sovereignty and identity.

Many are led to embrace inhuman anti-immigrant policies, believing they鈥檙e joining in illusory revolt against 鈥済lobalist elites.鈥� This conspiracism fans the flames of ultranationalism, demonizing immigrants and Jews as absolute Others of the 鈥淎merica First鈥� project who must be expelled to preserve national identity, traditional values, and 鈥淲estern civilization.鈥�

When right-wing leaders鈥攊ncluding elected officials and the president of the United States鈥攙oice anti-Semitic and anti-immigrant conspiracy theories, it grants these ideas legitimacy and a massive public forum, helping to create a climate that encourages White nationalist attacks on Jews, immigrants, Indigenous people, and Black and Brown people. Because of this mainstreaming, anti-Semitism has become a potent force in mainstream right-wing U.S. politics, and will likely escalate as we approach the 2020 elections. Non-White immigrants, Muslims, Black folks, other people of color, Jews, and  will also continue to be principal targets of White nationalist violence.

To honor the memories of those killed in Pittsburgh and El Paso, we must organize together for policies that advance racial and economic justice, and build safety through solidarity by showing up for each other鈥攏ot only when our communities are attacked by ICE raids, exclusionary policy, or White nationalist violence, but also and critically as we鈥檙e developing our own alternative vision for multiracial and feminist democracy. This looks like resisting attempts to divide us, and requires engaging with our differences. Through our shared understanding of the Right鈥攊n both mainstream and White nationalist versions鈥攚e can overcome the tactics used to exclude, incarcerate, disenfranchise, criminalize, and scapegoat our communities and silence our allies. For it is the very communities targeted by White nationalism that can, through deep solidarity and the practice of building collective power, form the cornerstone of a reconstructed 鈥淲e, the people.鈥�

If we are to defend the safety and deepen the vibrancy of our communities, we must understand how anti-Semitism, racism, and anti-immigrant rhetoric work together to create a cohesive ideology鈥攁苍诲 we must interrupt this totalizing, conspiratorial narrative with a bold, expansive vision of real, inclusive, feminist, multiracial democracy that allows all of us to thrive.